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Are we alone in the universe?

ARE WE ALONE IN THE UNIVERSE?

The Kepler space mission has produced data that suggests that “based upon the number of M-class stars in the galaxy, that alone represents about 10 billion potentially habitable, Earth-like worlds.”  Our sun is a G-class star.  M-class stars are fainter, cooler stars called “Red Dwarfs.”  To understand the conditions on a planet circling a Red Dwarf, refer to my post here.  Meanwhile, today’s question is “Are we alone in the universe?” Ten billion worlds.  That’s a lot.  Of course, that number is the top end.  Let’s dig into the...

The mysteries of Europa

THE MYSTERIES OF EUROPA

On January 7, 1610, the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei peered at Jupiter through a primitive telescope he had fashioned.  He described what he saw as “three fixed stars, totally invisible by their smallness,“ but over the next few nights, he noticed one more point of light, and that they changed positions.  Moreover, they moved in a direction that was opposite that of the other stars.  He eventually concluded that these were not truly “stars” but were actually four moons of Jupiter and they were subsequently called Io, Ganymede, Callisto and...

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